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The Holy See—as distinguished from the city-state of the Vatican City, over which the Holy See has "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction",〔(Article 3 of the Lateran Treaty, ) which founded the state〕 has long been recognised as a subject of international law and as an active participant in international relations. It remains such, and indeed one observer has said that its interaction with the world has, in the period since World War II, been at its highest level ever.〔Thomas, Gordon. ''Gideon's Spies''.〕 The diplomatic activities of the Holy See are directed by the Secretariat of State (headed by the Cardinal Secretary of State), through the Section for Relations with States. ==History== Since medieval times the episcopal see of Rome has been recognized as a sovereign entity. Earlier, there were papal representatives to the Emperors of Constantinople, beginning in 453, but they were not thought of as ambassadors.〔Cardinale, p. 64.〕 In the eleventh century the sending of papal representatives to princes, on a temporary or permanent mission, became frequent.〔Cardinale, p. 65.〕 In the fifteenth century it became customary for states to accredit permanent resident ambassadors to the Pope in Rome.〔Cardinale, p. 68.〕 The first permanent papal nunciature was established in 1500 in Venice. Their number grew in the course of the sixteenth century to thirteen, while internuncios (representatives of second rank) were sent to less-powerful states.〔Cardinale, p. 70.〕 After enjoying a brilliant period in the first half of the seventeenth century, papal diplomacy declined after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, being assailed especially by royalists and Gallicans, and the number of functioning nuncios was reduced to two in the time of Napoleon, although in the same period, in 1805, Prussia became the first Protestant state to send an ambassador to Rome. There was a revival after the Congress of Vienna, which, while laying down that, in general, the order of precedence between ambassadors would be determined by the date of their arrival, allowed special precedence to be given to the nuncio, by which he would always be the dean of the diplomatic corps.〔Boczek, Boleslaw Adam (2005). ''International Law: A Dictionary''. p. 47. Scarecrow Press (Lanham, Maryland). ISBN 0-8108-5078-8, ISBN 978-0-8108-5078-1).〕 In spite of the extinction of the Papal States in 1870, and the consequent loss of territorial sovereignty, and in spite of some uncertainty among jurists as to whether it could continue to act as an independent personality in international matters, the Holy See continued in fact to exercise the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives, maintaining relations with states that included the major powers of Russia, Prussia and Austria-Hungary.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=30Giorni - Uno strumento docile e fedele al Papa (di Giovanni Lajolo) )〕 Countries continued to receive nuncios as diplomatic representatives of full rank, and where, in accordance with the decision of the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the Nuncio was not only a member of the Diplomatic Corps but its Dean, this arrangement continued to be accepted by the other ambassadors.〔 With the First World War and its aftermath the number of states with diplomatic relations with the Holy See increased. For the first time since relations were broken between the Pope and Queen Elizabeth I of England, a British diplomatic mission to the Holy See was opened in 1914.〔(UK in the Holy See: Previous ambassadors )〕 The result was that, instead of diminishing, the number of diplomats accredited to the Holy See grew from sixteen in 1871 to twenty-seven in 1929, even before it again acquired territorial sovereignty with the founding of the State of Vatican City.〔(Philippe Levillain, John W. O'Malley, The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies ) (Routledge, 2002 ISBN 0-415-92230-5, ISBN 978-0-415-92230-2), p. 718〕 In the same period, the Holy See concluded a total of twenty-nine concordats and other agreements with states, including Austro-Hungary in 1881, Russia in 1882 and 1907, France in 1886 and 1923.〔 Two of these concordats were registered at the League of Nations at the request of the countries involved.〔(J.K.T. Chao, The Evolution of Vatican Diplomacy ) p. 27〕 While bereft of territorial sovereignty, the Holy See also accepted requests to act as arbitrator between countries, including a dispute between Germany and Spain over the Caroline Islands.〔 The Lateran Treaty of 1929 and the founding of the Vatican City State was not followed by any great immediate increase in the number of states with which the Holy See had official relations. This came later, especially after the Second World War. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Foreign relations of the Holy See」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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